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Ogam Script
Basque, West Virginia 8th Century, Ireland, Scotland, Mayan, Cuban Indians
(This is where the examiners abilities to figure this mystery out take on an almost comical note - to me at least.) Dr. Barry Fell, of the Epigraphic Society felt that the bricks were part of some type of language school at Comalcalco, where students used the bricks to write on. (Because using bricks to write on is so practical? WHAT?) The inscriptions weren't visible until after they had dismantled the structure. Steele made the observation that the problem with the dating is that the languages on the bricks go back to 0 A.D. to 400 A.D., while Colmalcalco is believed to have been built and/or inhabited between A.D. 700 to 900. Steele believes that the bricks may have been part of a more ancient structure that was dismantled and the bricks used in the newer building. (Okay, this is a little more reasonable - LOL - although it still doesn't explain the other languages.) He also notes that since they have only looked at 1/2 of 1% of the total amount of bricks, there could be a million inscribed bricks to discover. He also goes on to say that the linguists are all in agreement with the languages on the bricks, but mainstream archeology refuses to accept it, simply stating that it "just can't be correct." (This is where they usually lose it - by trying to fit the new information into the old framework instead of including the new information into a NEW framework - wouldn't it just be better to say that they just don't KNOW? Or are they afraid of admitting that some of their past assumptions might be incorrect? Hell - they're ALL incorrect at one point or another - just depends on your perspective at the time - oh well. It was an interesting article anyway.)
WEST VIRGINIA http://cwva.org/wwvrunes/wwvrunes_3.html The Council for West Virginia Archaeology reproduces these original
ogham (ogam) petroglyph articles for the record only. We give absolutely no credence to
their conclusions. Part 3CHRISTIAN MESSAGES IN OLD IRISH SCRIPT DECIPHERED FROM ROCK CARVINGS IN W. VA.By Barry Fell � 1983 WV Division of Natural Resources, used with permission
Editor's Note [Wonderful West Virginia's editor]:
The scribe relates the mythical account of the origin of Ogam. He tells us that the
first Ogam message ever written was the work of a magician named Ogmios, and that it was a
warning sent to Lug informing him of a plot to abduct his wife. On line 11 of folio page
309 of the Ogam Tract, the scribe reproduces the supposed warning message sent to
Lug. It consists of the Ogam letters "S—N." This is the earliest literary
reference to the Ogam Consaine (Consonantal Ogam), for the letters "S-N" are the
consonants of the Old Irish word "siona" meaning "warning." The
passage in the Tract (Figure C) is marked by the arrow and the word is shown
enlarged below the Tract.
Although the scribe evidently was familiar with Ogam Consaine, he did not give it that
name, or any name at all. It was left for the 18th century Irish poet Eoghan Ruadh Ua
Suilleabhain (1748—84) to coin the name, "Consonantal Ogam," and he did so
in drawing attention to old, undeciphered, rock-cut inscriptions in Ireland, whose meaning
remained a mystery (Figure D); for scholars of the day, unable to deal with a written
script from which the vowels were omitted, could make no sense of the markings.
Examples are shown in Figure E, together with corresponding examples from Europe. The
Chi-Rho comprises a symbol formed from the two Greek letters that stand first in the name
"Christ," Ch (resembling an X) and R (resembling a P). These letters are written
separately at the site in Boone County, which is called the Horse Creek Petroglyph. At the
Wyoming County Petroglyph, one of the Chi-Rho signs is that shown in Figure E-5. This is a
combination of the two letters and closely matches a version used on the Byzantine coins
of the Emperor Justinian 1(527—565), shown in Figure E-4. A different version of the
Chi-Rho is the labarum (scepter) type, so-called because it formed the upper part
of the labarum scepter of the Byzantine emperors. Figure E-1 shows the labarum Chi-Rho
that appears on coins of Gratian (367—375), and Figure E-3 is the matching version at
the Wyoming County site, while Figure E-2 is a late version found on coins issued by the
Anglo-Saxon Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury (805—833).
On a rock face adjacent to the Dextera Dei ("Right hand of God") site occur
two lines of script not yet deciphered. In the upper line occurs the well-known symbol, I
H C + (Figure F), used by the Western Church as a monogram of the name of Jesus. The
letters are the first three Greek letters, IES, in the name "Iesos" (Jesus).
Another pious symbol used by the early Christians is the Dextera Dei, or Right
Hand of God. An example carved on the 10th century Irish cross of Muiredach, at
Monasterboice, is shown in Figure G-4. On page 347 of my book, Saga America,
attention is drawn to the occurrence of this symbol at American archaeological sites. I
have suggested that it implies contacts with Europe around the 10th century, when the
symbol was a popular feature in coinage designs. Whether the West Virginian examples
should be dated to the 10th century is at present uncertain, but my belief is that its
presence supports the idea of continuing Irish contacts over a period of several centuries
in the latter part of the first millennium.
This is an appropriate point at which to say a little about how the texts are
deciphered. When the Ogam strokes are arranged to suggest a picture, the result is what is
called a rebus, obviously a device by the scribe to help the reader understand his
inscription. The following are the steps by which we can interpret the rebus shown in
Figure H.
We note the hand in the lower part of the inscription. In Celtic languages, the verb
stands first in the sentence and is followed by the subject. Accordingly, we disregard the
first few strokes to the left and look for the word "hand" (lam in Old Irish).
As expected, the letters L and M are there. They are preceded by three upper-case strokes
(T), evidently the verb "is" (see Vocabulary at the end of this article). Thus,
in line I-2 we can undertake to separate out the consonants, as shown. Line I-3 shows the
succession of consonants we obtain. Line I-4 shows the text rewritten with appropriate
vowel points inserted, so as to make a meaningful statement, using all the consonants. The
Old Irish, in Latin script, is given in line I-5. A literal English rendering of each word
is given in line I-6. In line I-7 the words are rearranged to conform to English grammar,
the subject now preceding the verb.
A different type of rebus is shown in Figure J. Here all the Ogam
strokes are incorporated into the hand, and there are three transverse stem lines crossing
the strokes. This warns us that the Ogam strokes are to be read separately for each of the
stem lines, assuming therefore different alphabet values according to whether they stand
above, or below, or across, any given stem line. In short, the whole device is a monogram
in which various letters have been superimposed. The resulting decipherment (Figure K)
yields a sequence of Old Irish words: Atar, Mac, Sbiorad Noib, Oin Dia—"Father,
Son and Holy Spirit, One God." And reference to early Christian literatures, such as
the writings of Julian of Norwich, or Pier's Plowman, discloses that the mystical meaning
of the Dextera Dei is that the hand symbolizes the unified Trinity, the closed
fist God the Father, the fingers God the Son and the Palm the Holy Spirit.
The diagram of the Horse Creek Petroglyph (Figure O) gives an exploded
layout of the various texts. The two on the left, numbered 4 and 5, have already been
referred to under the name "Dextera Dei" or "Right Hand of God." The
horizontal lines 1, 2 and 3 comprise the Old Irish text, a short biblical abstract of the
second chapter of the Gospel of Luke. The Old Norse three-line rock inscriptions are read
in the sequence, first the middle line, next the bottom line, and last the top line. It
would seem that this rule applies also here, as the most logical sequence. It would seem
that the oldest part of the inscription is the upper right section, with the Chi-Rho,
Alpha and Omega. At some later date a scribe decided to cut a Nativity text on the rock in
such manner that the culminating event, the actual naming of the Christ Child, would be
cited at the point when his text reached the pre-existing sacred signs for the name of
Christ. He succeeded, but at a cost of overcrowding his text in the final section, which
is consequently difficult to disentangle.
Dr. Barry Fell is an emeritus professor at Harvard University. He came to America from
New Zealand in 1964. In addition to being a world-recognized authority on marine biology,
he is president of the Epigraphic Society, and is editor and co-author of eight volumes of
decipherments of ancient inscriptions. He wrote America B.C., which the American
Booksellers Association presented to the White House in 1977 as one of the best 250 books
published between 1973 and 1977 in the United States.
VOCABULARY
BASQUE http://www.mondovista.com/ogam222.html
Ogam is a script found in Ireland and Scotland, inscribed mostly on stone but also on bone, ivory, bronze and silver objects. It was used in Ireland from about 350 to 800 AD by the early Irish evangelists who brought Gnostic Christianity to the island, written from the bottom up. From about 750 AD to 900 AD the Benedictine monks also used it in their inscriptions and their book the Auraicept, but they wrote it from left to right. Academia is groping. Ogam is numerical, not linguistic. Ogam is Basque writing. Ogam is Old Norse writing. Ogam is Celtic writing. Dr. Damien McManus[4], professor of Celtic at Trinity College in Dublin, wrote: "It can be shown without reasonable doubt that the Ogam alphabet was designed for the Irish language" (p.1). According to him, most inscriptions pointed to burials with epitaphs something like: Here lies Johnnie mourned by Mary. The problem was that no, or only a few, burials were ever found underneath the stones and his translations were hardly persuasive. The Rh-negative clue. The language of Ogam is Basque. This knowledge I then applied to the Ogam inscriptions, filled in the missing vowels, and translated my first Ogam inscription found in Scotland into a good sentence. I sent my findings to Dr. Jackson who did not answer but instead sent me a second book of his, in which he had written: "There is a popular theory that they are Basque but this does not work either." (p.118) He hadn't looked very hard at what I wrote. Two examples from Scotland.
A second one, more difficult; is called Buckquoy, located on Mainland, Orkney:
Two examples from Ireland. The Ballispellan Broche (#27).
The silver Ballispellan broche is located in the Treasury of the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. The inscription became a challenge for me because the inscription is so perfectly done and it is one of the longer known.
KINGULBIN EAST (#1086).
You may also enjoy this previous article on suspected Ogam script found in Colorado. References 1 Jackson, Anthony. "The Symbol Stones of Scotland".
Orkney Press, 1984.
KENTUCKY
http://www.midwesternepigraphic.org/middle-fork.html
The Middle Fork Ogam Rock ShelterBackgroundHaving almost 600 ogam strokes, this site is probably one of the largest in Kentucky and perhaps the United States. After discovery in the early 1990s by Mr Michael Griffith, Breathitt Co, Ky & Dr David Feldman of Lancaster, the leading amateur epigrapher in Kentucky, Dr John Payne of Berea became involved. Then Dr Payne contacted the Midwestern Epigraphic Society in 2002 for the translator, Mr Michel-G�rald Boutet of Laval, Qu�bec to translate. In Feb 2003 Mr Boutet reported his initial analysis of this ogam site indicates the basic content concerns BOUNDARY MARKERS; and like the "Pig Pen" site the language appears to be Proto-Algonquian. In 2004 he announced that the site appears to be much older than he thought and considerably more work is needed before the message can be completely clear. The Site
The rock shelter is located on the middle fork of the Kentucky River and is the kind favored by old world Celtic people - one with a large boulder at the entrance just under the overhanging rock roof, and a nearby source of water, in this case a river. Both the boulder and the back wall of the shelter are covered with hundreds of ogam grooves. Its relative isolation and accessibility from only the river has protected the shelter from most modern graffiti. Periodic flooding has camouflaged the shelter entrance with debris and covered the lower levels of ogam grooves with protective layers of mud. All this made it hard to find once again in the Fall of 2002 for MES documentation and required washing the rock surface to reveal the ogam for tracing and photography. Every precaution was taken to preserve the site. Some RemarksWe'll have to wait for the translation, but some general remarks can be made. Several "stars" appear in the ogam script, suggesting reference to those in the Kentucky night sky. If the translation does indicate astronomical references, site compass readings should be made to collaborate it. Natural circular depressions in the rock face seem to have been worked into the script and several possibly man-made "holes" may prove significance. Curiously, a number of wide, deep and long grooves overlay more shallow grooves, implying a later attempt to change or "correct" the original inscriptions. The petina of these large grooves is noticeably darker too and could be from a pigment source rather than natural aging. This is mostly evident on the boulder. Perhaps a new religion was adopted by the culture/tribe or a different faction came into power and wanted to remove what were now deemed "politically or religiously incorrect". If true, this would add support to the rock shelters use being shaman indoctrination of neophytes and perhaps execution of various tribal rites. Again we will have to wait for a translation. A missing piece from the boulder had been retrieved from the river and its original location on the boulder identified by aligning to severed ogam strokes. Other portions along the top edge of the boulder also seem to be missing - noted by interrupted ogam marks and a brighter rock petina than the rest of the boulder. Their loss probably does not affect the overall translation, but for the sake of completeness, their recovery should be attempted. A Geologist who recently completed a scientific study the Kensington Rune Stone will now study this rock shelter to verify its antiquity. References:"The Celtic Connection" by Michel-G�rald Boutet, 1996, Stonehenge Viewpoint, P.O. Box 30887, Santa Barbara, Ca 93130-0887. More ogam translations and Amerindian connections by Boutet, and related articles by other writers.
OGAM PRE-DATES 5300 BC http://www.angelfire.com/home/thefaery3/ogam.html Ogam
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| Book of Mormon 1 Nephi Chap18 v. 25 25 And it came to pass that we did find upon the land of promise, as we journeyed in the wilderness, that there were beasts in the forests of every kind, both the cow and the ox, and the ass and the horse, and the goat and the wild goat, and all manner of wild animals, which were for the use of men… |
The Book of Mormon has received severe criticism because of these
statements. The Smithsonian in There "Statement Regarding the Book of
Mormon" prepared by the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC SIL-76, Summer 1982 reports:
"American Indians had no…horses, donkeys, camels before 1492 ( Camels and
horses were in the Americas along with the bison, mammoth, and mastodon, but all these
animals became extinct around 10,000 BC). Since That statement a number of findings
have been made which are strange to say the least and require careful investigation. Some
of these findings are shown below:
"In the following reference from a book by T.L. Tanton. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 167-Fort Williams and Fort Arthur and Thunder Cape Map-Areas ,pp. I -222. Ottawa.1931: "Relics were discovered July. 1918. in an excavation made by the Canada Car and Foundry Company about 80 feet north from the turning basin. Westforl. About twelve bones of a mammal and a finely made copper spearhead were found together about 40 feet below the surface of the ground. The materials found were submitted to the Geological Survey and Harlan l. Smith, archeologist, reported the results of examination as follows .'.According to Mr. Lawrence I. Lambe, vertebrate paleontologist of the Geological Survey and Mr. Sternherg, preparator of paleontological specimens. the bone marked B 11 . . . is of a cloven-footed animals. possibly a buffalo, or a specimen of domestic cattle.... Bones marked B 10 and B 12 to B 13 inclusive, Mr. Lambe and Mr. Sternberg both pronounced to be those of a horse and not petrified. Mr. Sternberg is convinced that most of them belong to the same individual. The point with the flanged tang made of copper marked C 1 is characteristic and typical of prehistoric Indian handiwork.'
Griffin and Quimby. who investigated the site in 1957, noted that if the bones and copper artifacts were found in situ, they predate the Nipissing stage of the Lake Superior basin (pre-2000 BC) since they were on a bed of blue clay under layers of sand deposited by flooding during that period. Quimby, 'The Old Copper Assemblage and Extinct Animals,. American Antiquity, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 169-70, Salt Lake City, University of Utah.
Further evidence of renegade horses in the new world was found in a
burial mound in Wisconsin. A horse's skull was found buried with other indian. artifacts
which were subsequently dated to around 700 AD " Chuck Baily, Louisiana Mounds
Society Newsletter 31 March 15, 1990 Page 4
"Survival of Pre-Columbian Horse?" Holland Hague has
written to inquire if anybody has information about the possibility of the pre-Columbian
horse having survived in this hemisphere. He included documentation of horse bones
radiocarbon dated to A.D. years prior to Columbus that were then not followed up by the
scholars involved. The pre-Columbian horse was supposed to have become extinct about
10,000 years ago, when the satire-toothed tiger, mammoth, giant ground sloth and other
large mammals in this hemisphere died out."Lousiana Mounds Society Newsletter 29
January 1, 1990 page 5
The above picture is from The article Peru's Incredible Ica Stones By
John Dan Reib From The Ancient American November/December 1993. It is part of an
estimated 100, 000 ancient carved stones discovered by Dr. Javier Cabera .from under lava
layers in the Ocucaje Desert near Ica Peru. Dr Cabera set upon a search which led him to a
tunnel under the Nasca lines. At present has about fifteen tthousand carved in his own
museum in Ica. Swedish scientists have investigated his stones and find them sufficiently
to be worthy of further investigation.
The Above picture of a bearded man and a horse is carved on the Temple
of Palques, Chichen Itza, Yucatan Mexico . It was photographed by Otto Done and appeared
in The Improvement Era December 1955.
The picture above is an ancient pictograph carved on rocks near Monte
Vista Colorado and appeared in The Improvement Era October 1955. These carvings are
considered by experts to be ancient.
A Moundbuilder pictograph of the likeness of an unbridled horse in
Picture Canyon, Cirnarron County, Oklahoma, which shows that Indians in early times were
acquainted with horses. This picture appeared in October 1955 Improvement Era.
The picture above was taken from page100 of the book The Mystic Symbol
Mark of The Michigan Mound Builders by Henrietta Mertz ( Global Books 1986) and shows
stone tablets carved by Michigan Moundbuilders.
The figure above is a view of an ancient Moundbuilder carving of a white
limestone horses head discovered in North Salem New York. It is from the Book Saga America
by Dr. Berry Fell page 57 and published in 1980
The picture above is a pictograph discovered in Anubis Cave Number Two
in Colorado along with Ogam inscriptions and is taken from the book In Plain Sight Old
World Records in Ancient America. By Gloria Farley 1994
The above picture is a pictograph from Picture Canyon, Colorado. And is
considered by experts to be ancient. It was taken from the book In Plain Sight Old
World Records in Ancient America. Page 349 By Gloria Farley 1994
The above picture is of a pictograph with ogam script on sholder
discovered in western Oklahoma. It is considered ancient dating back to the Moundbuilder
period.. It was taken from the book In Plain Sight Old World Records in Ancient America.
Page 349 By Gloria Farley 1994
There are many other case that could be shown but they are similar to what we have already shown
COUNTY CORK
http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/kelt/ogamabb.htm
Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien |
|
| TITUS | DIDACTICA |
Indogermanische V�lker und Sprachen / Indo-European Peoples and Languages
1.
The Ogham Script
| Vowel Notches | Downward Strokes | Upward Strokes | Perpendicular Strokes | "Forfeda" | |||||
| A | ? | B | ? | (H) | ? | M | ? | X/AE | ? |
| O | ? | L | ? | D | ? | G | ? | CH/EA | ? |
| U | ? | V | ? | T | ? | (G�) | ? | P/IA | ? |
| E | ? | S | ? | C | ? | (S�) | ? | TH/OI | ? |
| I | ? | N | ? | Q | ? | R | ? | PH/UI | ? |
Inscription from Rockfield, Co. Kerry, now in Adare
(CIIC, no. 244):
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COILLABOTAS MAQI CORBI | MAQI MOCOI QERAI
Inscription of Ballycrovane / Faunkill-and-the-Woods, Co. Cork
(CIIC no. 66):
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MAQIDECCEDDAS AVI TURANIAS "(Stone of) Mac-Deche, grandson of Tornae" |
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 (draft from: PRIA 15, 1874, 196) |
Cp. CGH, p. 208: Rawl. B 502,
149b, 51: Hui Thornae |
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Inscription of Greenhill, Co. Cork
(CIIC no. 58):
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CATTUBUTTAS "(Stone of) Cathub" |
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Cp. gen. Cathbad e.g. in CGH 195: 148a 20. |  |
Inscription of Rockfield, now in Adare
(CIIC no. 243.):
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MAQIRITTE MAQI COLABOT | MAQI MOCO QERAI "(Stone of) Mac-Rithe, son of Co�lub, son-descendant (of the tribe) of the Ciarraige" |
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Inscription of Colbinstown, Co. Kildare
(CIIC no. 21.):
| MAQQI COLLABOTA "(Stone of X,) son of Co�lub" |
Inscription of Dromore, Co. Waterford
(CIIC no. 266.):
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COLLABOT MUCOI LUGA MAQI LOBACCONA "(Stone of) Co�lub, descendant of Lug, son of Lobch�" |
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rather: COLLABOTA MUCOI LUGO MAQI LOBACCONA |
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Cp. R.A.S. Macalister, Studies in Irish Epigraphy, 3,
London 1907, 182: COLLABOTa-? MUCOI LUGA | MAQI LOBACCONA |
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Chronological order:
COILLABOTAS - CO(I)LLABOTA - CO(I)LLABOT
Inscription of Carhoovauler, Co. Cork
(CIIC no. 73.):
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[D]OMNG(I)[NN] "(Stone of) Domngen" |
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| Phonetic development: *DUMNOGENI > *DUMNAGENI > *DOMNAGINI > *DOMNAGIN > *DOMNGIN |
||
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(Cp. ms. Rawl.B 502 160b 53 (CGH
311): Domungein) |
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Inscription of Maumanorig, Co. Kerry
(CIIC no. 193.):
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ANM COLMAN AILITHIR "(Inscription in the) name of Colm�n, (the) pilgrim" (Cp. ms. attestations: Colm�n, ailithir). |
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 (from: PRIA 44 C 9/10, 1938, 241) |
Bilingual cross inscription (Runic and Ogham) of Killaloe
(CIIC no. 54.):
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| Runic inscription: [�]URGRIM RISTI [K]RUS �INA "�orgrim engraved this cross" |
|
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| Ogham inscription: BEANDACHT [AR] / TOROQR[IM] "Blessing upon �orgrim" |
|
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| (from: PRIA 38 C 8/9, 1929, 237) | |
"Pictic" inscription of Brandsbutt, Aberdeenshire:
|
IRATADDOARENS |
|
 (from: Fs. McN�ill, 1940, 196) |
13.
Latin text written in Ogham in the Annals of Inisfallen (AD 1193)
(ms. Rawlinson B. 503, 40c):
 (from: Annals of Inisfallen, ed. S. Mac Airt, 1977, 318) |
| NUMUS HONORATUR SINE / NUMO NULLUS AMATUR / |
| "Money is honoured, without / money nobody is loved." |
14.
Bilingual inscription of Nevern, Pembroke
(CIIC no. 446):
 |
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| Latin: MAGLOCVNIFILICLVTOR? Ogham: MAGLICUNAS MAQI CLUTAR "(Stone of) Ma�lch�, son of Cluthar" |
 (from: CIIC 1, 424) |
 |
 |
19th century Ogham inscription from Ahenny, Co. Tipperary
(cf. Barry Raftery, A Late Ogham Inscription from Co. Tipperary. Journal of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 99, 1969, 163 f.):
| Ogham Inscription: | |
|---|---|
| ????????????????????????????? ????????????????? |
Fa an lig so na lu ata Mari ni Dhimusa o mballi na gCranibh |
| "Beneath this stone lieth M�ri N� Dh�omasaigh from Ballycranna" |
(Grave stone of Mary Dempsey, dated Jan. 4th, 1802) |
| English inscription: "Beneath this sepulchral tomb lie the remains of Mary Dempsey who departed this life January the 4th 1802 aged 17 years" |
"The Ahenny stone .. is eloquent testimony to the continuing existence and knowledge of the Ogham alphabet among the country people of early nineteenth century Ireland, a continuity which can be traced in sporadic instances from the middle of the frist millennium A.D. at least." |
Ogham stone of Kilbonane, Co. Kerry
(CIIC no. 241):
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|
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 (from: Richard Rolt Brash, On an Ogham-Inscribed Stone, at Kilbonane, County of Kerry. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 15 = 2.Ser. 1, 1871-1879, 27-29, plate III) |
 (stone as re-erected by 1996) |
Brash: "I found the inscribed stone lying horizontally, covering a vault immediately under the east window, and within the church." |
|
"Shield Ogham" (ogam airenach) according to the Book of Ballymote:
 (Beginning of the Auraicept na n-�ces in the Book of Ballymote) |
 (The "Shield Ogham" ib.) |
Use of the word a(i)nm "name" in Ogham inscriptions:
18.
Inscription of Coolineagh / Aghabullogue, Co. Cork
(CIIC no. 104):
 |
Reading Macalister: ?????????????????????????? ANM CORREA MAQVI UDDGLOMETT New reading: [ANM] CORREA_ MAQ V[VE]D(D)[EL]MEA_TT Translation: "(Inscription in the) name of Cuirre, son of Fedelmid (?)" |
 |
Inscription of Kilmalkedar, Co. Kerry
(CIIC no. 187):
 |
[AN](M) MAILEINBIR | MACI BROCANN (Inscription in the) name of Ma�l-Inbir, son of Br�ch�n. |
 |
Usage of Ogham inscriptions according to a Middle Irish saga text
contained in the Book of Leinster (LL 66 AB):
Complete page: |
|
 |
Transliteration: (One-to-one rendering of the manuscript reading) amlaid b�i faichthi ind�n 7corthi furri. 7id iarnaidi nathimchiull 7id niacchais �side7ainm noguinnamenoc. 7is�ainmb�iand Gipetised infaidche dianbagascedach geis fair ARthecht dindfaidchi cenchonrac noenfhir dofhuacra. AIRlegais in m_c.b.innainm 7tucadarigid mun coirthi. |
| Transcription: (Rendering after interpretation) |
Phonetic interpretation: (Transcription with the International Phonetic Alphabet) |
| Amlaid b�i faichthi in dunaid ogus corthi furri ogus id iarnaidi na thimchiull ogus id niachais �side ogus ainm n-oguim na menoc, ogus is � ainm b�i and: Gip e tised in faidche, dia m-ba gascedach, geis fair ar thecht dind faidchi cen chomrac n-oenfhir do fhuacra. Airlegais in mac bec in n-ainm ogus tuc a d� rigid mun coirthi. |
'?ml?�' 'b?e_ f'a?'�'i in'�u:?n?�' '?g?s 'k?r?'? 'fur:? '?g?s ?�''i:?rn?�'? n? '?'i?'�'ul '?g?s ?�'n'i:????' 'e:?'?�'? '?g?s '?n'?m 'no??m' n? 'menog '?g?s i?''e: ?n'?m 'b?e_ '?n: gi'b:e: 'ti:?'e� ?n'??'�'? 'di:?m? 'g??'k'e�?? 'g'e?' f?r' ?r'?'e?t d?n:'??'�'? 'k'en '??mr?g 'n?e_n'?r d?'u:?kr? ?r''l'e???' ?n'm?c 'b'ec ?n:'?n?m '?g?s 'tug ?�?:'ri?'?�' mun 'k?r?'? |
| Free German translation: Die Burgwiese war so beschaffen: sowohl ein Pfeiler darauf als auch um diesen ein eiserner Ring, und (zwar war) ein Ring der Heldenhaftigkeit dieser, und eine Inschrift in Ogam auf dessen Verschlu�st�ck, und dies ist die Inschrift, die sich darauf befand: Wer auch (immer) auf die Wiese kommen sollte, wenn er bewaffnet ist, ein Verbot f�r ihn, von der Wiese wegzugehen, ohne zum Einzelkampf herauszufordern. Der kleine Junge las die Inschrift vor und legte seine zwei Arme um den Pfeiler. |
|
| Interlinear Version: (Transcriptional text with German word-by-word translation): |
||||||||
| Amlaid | b�i | faichthi | in | dunaid | ||||
| So | war | Wiese | der | Burg | ||||
| ogus | corthi | furri | ||||||
| und | Pfeiler | auf_ihr | ||||||
| ogus | id | iarnaidi | na | thimchiull | ||||
| und | dies | Eisen | der | Umgebung | ||||
| ogus | id | niachais | �side | |||||
| und | dies | Heldenhaftigkeit | dieses_da | |||||
| ogus | ainm | n-oguim | na | menoc | ||||
| und | Inschrift | Ogam | des | Verschlu�st�cks, | ||||
| ogus | is | � | ainm | b�i | and: | |||
| und | ist | sie | Inschrift | war | so: | |||
| Gipe | tised | in | faidche, | |||||
| Wer_auch_immer_es_sei | der_kommen_wird | in | Wiese, | |||||
| dia | m-ba | gascedach, | ||||||
| wenn | er_sei | bewaffnet, | ||||||
| geis | fair | ar | thecht | dind | faidchi | |||
| Verbot | �ber_ihn | zu | Gehen | von_der | Wiese, | |||
| cen | chomrac | n-oenfhir | do | fhuacra. | ||||
| ohne | Kampf | des_Einzelmanns | zu | Fordern. | ||||
| Airlegais | in | mac | bec | in | n-ainm | |||
| Las_vor | der | Junge | kleine | die | Inschrift | |||
| ogus | tuc | a | d� | rigid | mun | coirthi. | ||
| und | legte | seine | zwei | Arme | um | Pfeiler. | ||
Development of Irish family names
| Ogham Irish | Old / Middle Irish | Anglo-Irish |
| MAQ AMMLLOGADO | mac amalgado | Mac Awley |
| MACI BROCANN | mac br�ccan | Mac Brohan |
| MAQI CORRBRI | mac cairpre | Mac Carbery |
| *MAQI DUMNOVALI | mac domnaill | Mac Donal(d) |
| *MAQI VERAGOSO | mac fergoso | Mac Fergus |
| *MAQI OINAGOSO | mac �engoso | Mac Guinness |
| *AVI CELACI | ua cellaig | (�) Kelly |
| *AVI CORRE | ua cuirre | � Corry |
| *AVI CUNACOBRO | ua conchobor | � Connor |
| *AVI QENAVIDO | ua cina�da | (�) Kennedy |
| *AVI MURACADO | ua murchada | (�) Murphy |
| Achtung: Dieser Text ist mit Unicode / UTF8 kodiert. Um die in ihm erscheinenden Sonderzeichen auf Bildschirm und Drucker sichtbar zu machen, mu� ein Font installiert sein, der Unicode abdeckt wie z.B. der TITUS-Font Titus Cyberbit Unicode. | Attention: This text is encoded using Unicode / UTF8. The special characters as contained in it can only be displayed and printed by installing a font that covers Unicode such as the TITUS font Titus Cyberbit Unicode. |
http://users.on.net/~mkfenn/page9.htm
Ancient America
The Pacific Ocean is bounded by America on its eastern side, stretching from 70degrees North to 55 degrees south. As trade winds and equatorial ocean currents travel in a westerly direction, it would be foolish to assume that America did not play a part in the populating of the Pacific. Therefore, to ascertain the complexities of human migration in the Pacific region, we need to understand fully how America was populated.
It appears that there have been some gross inaccuracies and misunderstandings that have led scientists to accept an oversimplified model of human entry into America via the Bering land bridge during the height of the last ice age. No consideration to the possibility that ocean crossings played a significant part in the populating of the Americas, has been given. Recent studies of the tool kits of the first Americans suggest an entry from Spain and not from Siberia. Not only this, but paleolithic Caucasian genes appear to form the basal layer of the genetic makeup of many native Americans, helping to confirm a trans-Atlantic entry into Central America between 18,000 and 12,000 years ago. Recent discoveries of three 13,000 year old Cro magnon man skeletons in an underwater cave in the Bahamas suggests that the above is true and correct.
Almost all archaeology to date has been based on the discovery of sites that are above sea level. Sea levels rose to present day levels about 6,000 years ago, therefore there has to be a great deal hidden underwater prior to this event, distorting the picture of early habitation of our planet. Factors that determined human settlement 20,000 years ago were much the same as they are today, as a result the preferred sites for towns and cities would have been on the coast. The sea provided unhindered passage to other towns for trade (no mountains, canyons, powerful river currents, jungles, deserts or hostile tribes to interfere with ones passage). Not only that, but boats were the trucks of the olden days, transporting large cargoes for trade.
The availability and choice of food is also more diverse along a coastline, as both land and marine produce can be obtained. Temperatures are less extreme and the likelihood of life giving rain is also much greater. Therefore almost all ancient towns of any consequence would have been by the sea and so, the great majority of towns and cities prior to 6,000 years ago are all underwater from sea level rises since the last ice age.
Many megalithic monuments around the world are made from rocks that have been transported hundreds of kilometres away from their source, suggesting that large sailing boats were in use 6,000 years ago and possibly as early as 18,000 years ago. Boats were one of the earliest forms of communal transport invented by man, seaworthy boats would have expanded mans horizons immeasurably. As a result of him using the 'highways of the sea', his desire to determine where he was going, fueled a revolution in astronomy, mathematics, trigonometry and ultimately world trade. The Polar meltdown between 7,000 and 5,500 years ago talked about later in this chapter would not only have produced a rapid rise in sea level, but also, the iso static rebound would have caused subsidence of weak crustal areas such as the mid Atlantic Ridge, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, resulting in the devastation of coastal towns and the decimation of all seafaring nations around the world. Not only did it destroy the people of this time, but also much of the knowledge which they possessed.
This was not the only catastrophic rise in sea level that early man has had to deal with, there were others - 14,000, 11,600, 8,200 and 6,000 years ago. It was after these events that we find the survivors taking an interest in swamp agriculture around lakes and on highland plateaus without fear of inundation. Such areas that were chosen were , Lake Chad, Lake Titicaca, New Guinea Highlands, Highlands of Luzon, the Nile, the Tigris, the Indus, the Upper Amazon, the Mississippi, the Mekong, the Yangtze and so on. With these few survivors, they would have retained only the bare essentials and much of the old technology was lost or forgotten. It appears that archaeologists may have mistaken this regrouping of man after the final floods as the beginning of agriculture and civilization. Discoveries of cities around India, Yonaguni and an underwater city in 700m of water off Cuba indicate that archaeologists have grossly misunderstood their findings and have merely scratched the surface of human prehistory.
Dr Muck, an archaeologist, describes archeological sites in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Southern Carolina, dating back 15,000-18,000 years which demonstrate that the ocean-going Solutreans may have first entered America by sailing across the Atlantic.
The notion that Clovis originated in or spread throughout North America from a point of origin in the Northern Plains (within an ice-free corridor between the continental glaciers) is not supported by the distribution of finds. Clovis may actually have dispersed into North and South America from the Caribbean and Central America, much of which is now submerged, making it difficult to ascertain the exact time of entry into America.
Underwater caves off Yucatan yield three old skeletons—remains date to 13,000 years ago.
by Dr. Greg Little
September 10, 2004
"At the international "Early Man in America Seminar" in Mexico City on
September 9, 2004, an archaeological team from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology
and History reported one of the most significant finds ever made in American
archaeological history. Three well-preserved skeletons were discovered in underwater caves
off the Caribbean coast of Yucatan during dives during 2001 and 2002. The skeletons were
found in 65-foot-deep water. The University of California in Riverside carbon-dated
charcoal samples found with one of the skeletons to over 13,000 calendar years
ago—11,000 B.C. The find represents the oldest carbon date associated with any human
bone remains found in the Americas. Mexican archaeologist Arturo Gonzalez led the dive
team.
Gonzalez noted that during the last Ice Age, sea levels were much lower, but as we
reported in our book and video documentary, "The ARE's Search for Atlantis,"
archaeologists from Florida State University's Underwater Archaeology Department (FSU)
found that in the area "of the Bahamas in 10,500 B.C., the water levels were about
100 feet lower than today. But areas of human occupation on these ancient shores tend to
cluster at depths around the 45-foot level."
The new discovery of Yucatan remains dated to 11,000 B.C. comes as we are completing the
video documentary, "The Yucatan Hall of Records," scheduled for release at the
ARE's Annual Ancient Mysteries Conference. The discovery has been incorporated into the
video and confirms several statements made by Andrew Collins, which were made during a
videotaped interview for the documentary. Collins, author of the best selling,
"Gateway to Atlantis," tells the story of Votan, the Guatemalan highlands
version of Itzamna. In both the stories of Itzamna and Votan, related in Maya codices, the
founder of the Maya culture was said to have come from an island in the east. Collins
stated that substantial research has shown that Votan's origin was definitely Cuba. Both
Itzamna and Votan carried written records with them. According to Collins, Votan landed on
the shores of the Yucatan coast and gradually moved north. We believe that Cerritos
Island, which we visited in August 2004, may have been the initial landing site of
Iltar/Itzamna/Votan."
The Clovis - Solutrean connection
Dr. Stanford an archaeologist of the highest caliber, turned away from the Bering route and looked elsewhere for the first migration. His thinking evolved over three decades. In the '60s Stanford, like most of his colleagues, believed that Clovis came from Asia. It wasn't until the '70s that he began to believe that Clovis was a New World development and that evidence of pre-Clovis would be found in the Arctic. "But I wasn't seeing evidence," he recalls, "and after a while it started not to make sense. Everything I found in Alaska that was fluted was post-Clovis in age." There was no technology he considered pre-Clovis. He hoped at the time that once Siberia was opened up to Western scientists we would find the missing evidence. But the end of the Cold War didn't provide the solution for Stanford and his co-theorist, lithics expert Bruce Bradley. Stanford and Dr. Bradley independently looked at the evidence and arrived at the same conclusion. They inspected late-Pleistocene sites and scoured museum collections in Siberia, Russia, and northern China, seeking pre-Clovis technology. Instead, what they found was a totally different method of making tools and weapons.
The Clovis fluted point is knapped from stone, flaked on both sides (bifacial) and shaped into a beautiful thin, flat killing instrument; the base is thinned and relieved into a concave recess so that the point can be securely hafted onto a foreshaft or shaft. The Asian upper-Paleolithic weapons that Stanford and Bradley found, however, were made using a microblade technology, where tiny blades struck from wedge-shaped cores of stone were inset into long, narrow rods of bone, antler, or ivory. When Far East craftsmen tried to make bifacial tools, the result was relatively crude implements (quite thick in cross section, compared with exquisitely thin Clovis points) and frequently bi-pointed.
Nowhere in Asia did Stanford and Bradley find the ancestor of the Clovis point. They reasoned that if the first immigrants were Asian, they must have brought with them their inset-microblade manufacturing process, in which case there must exist evidence of a transition to Clovis technology. So far, however, nothing resembling an intermediate form between inset microblades and a knapped biface has been found in North America.
Stuck at a dead end, Stanford and Bradley took up a fresh trail. The roots of Clovis, they reasoned, must lie in the Paleolithic Old World outside of Asia. They took up the search for a parent technology that specialized in making thin, flat bifacial projectile points, knives and other biface implements, and other artifacts of stone and bone similar to those of the Clovis culture. They found only one Paleolithic culture whose technology met their criteria, the Solutrean people. Named for the French town of Solutr�, the culture spread across much of France and the Spanish Peninsula. They were highly efficient hunters. Full bellies gave them leisure time, which they used to decorate the walls of their caves with fabulous surrealistic paintings of bison and horses and ibex that continue to awe us today. They were carvers, too, for art's sake.
"They had the only upper-Paleolithic biface technology going in Western Europe," Stanford points out. They were the first to heat-treat flint, and the first to use pressure flaking--removing flakes by pressing with a hardwood or antler tool, rather than by striking with another stone. "In northern Spain, their technology produced biface projectile points with concave bases that are basally thinned," he notes, not bothering to say he could just as well be describing Clovis points. The pressure flakes Solutrean knappers removed are so long it's almost a fluting technique--"almost," he's careful to say, but not quite.
The parallels between Solutrean and Clovis flintknapping techniques seem endless. The core technology, "the way they were knocking off big blades and setting up their core platforms," he explains, "is very similar to the Clovis technique, if not identical." They perfected the outre pass� --overshot--flaking technique later seen in Clovis, which removes a flake across the entire face
I found Dr. Jackson's book while in Scotland researching the origin of
Scottish and Irish geographical names and had found that many of them could be translated
with the Basque dictionary. This finding was supported by the blood type of many of the
inhabitants who had Rh negative blood, in about the same proportion as the Basque people
in Spain. Dr. Cavalli-Sforza, in his article, "Genes Peoples and Languages"
(November 1991 issue of Scientific American) had shown the world distribution of peoples
with Rh negative blood and concluded that a sea migration was involved from NW Africa
north along the west coast of Europe as far north as arctic Norway, the only peoples in
the world to have 25% or higher frequency of this blood type. One of the tribes involved
in this migration was still speaking their Neolithic language, the Basques, so it was
logical to consider the possibility that the entire migration could have spoken that
language. Indeed, a great many geographical names from Morocco, Euskadi, Ireland, Scotland
and Norway could be translated into meaningful descriptions or comments with the Basque
dictionary. 
